荷兰土地政策解析

Land Policy in the Netherlands

荷兰是一个人口密度较高的国家。因此,不同利益群体在土地开发时对用地性质有各自不同的需求。传统上,政府也密切地参与到土地使用规则的制定中。在荷兰,政府通过土地政策干预土地市场的行为有多种目的:除了影响土地利用的方式,更有多种财政目标。对于市政府而言,成本回收和价值回馈都显得尤为重要。为了达到上述目的,不同干预手段被应用到土地市场中。市政当局常倾向于积极的土地政策或者在土地开发过程中与私人开发商紧密合作。通常也应用到促进型的土地策略。市政府根据不同土地政策的目标,在一定限制范围内可以自由选择其干预手段。而干预手段的选择又取决于其可达到目标的可能性,也部分取决于该战略可选择的技术手段。对于积极的土地政策,市政府不但可以使用基于个人权益法的各种手段,更享受优先购买和征收权。对于促进型土地策略,政府可以通过土地开发法规的使用达到财政目标。

Many regions in the NL are characterized by a high population density. As a consequence of this, there are many claims on land for different land uses. Traditionally, the government is closely involved in the regulation of land use. Land policy can be defined as a governmental intervention in the land market. In the Netherlands, this intervention has different objectives. Besides influencing the way land is used, also financial motives are involved. For many local governments, both cost recovery and value-capturing issues are important. For being able to reach these objectives, different strategies are followed for intervention in the land market. Often, municipalities prefer an active land policy or close cooperation with private developers in the land development process. But also a more facilitating strategy is frequently used. Within certain restrictions, local government is free in the choice for one of these strategies. This choice will also depend on the possibilities of the strategy for reaching the different objectives of the intended land policy. This is partly determined by the possibilities of the different instnunents which can be used within the strategy. For the active approach in land policy, besides the instruments based on private law, the municipality can use pre-emption right and expropriation. With regard to the facilitating approach, for being able to reach financial objectives amongst others the so-called Land Development Act can be used.