8至9世纪日本疫病救济事业初步研究:以实物救济为中心

A Basic Research on Relief Works for Epidemic Diseases during 8-9th Century in Japan:Focusing on Relief Works with Material Objects

8至9世纪是日本律令制的全盛期,国家通过律令统筹管辖疫病预防和救济。律令实施之初,以医疗为主的救济曾被严格实行,然而在735至737年天花大流行的催化下,疫病救济措施向赈给等经济手段转变。自奈良时代中后期开始,律令医疗体制暴露了诸多问题,国家虽加以改革,然收效甚微,且使律令医疗体制更加孱弱。同样,使用经济手段的救济,也暴露出了地方官员失职等诸多问题。面对这些难题,朝廷在疫病流行之际不得不更多地依靠社会自身的力量,鼓励民众摒弃陋习,积极参与到本应由国家统筹的疫病救济之中。这是日本律令体制开始走向弛缓的重要标志之一。

The 8-9th century was the heyday of Japan' Ritsury? system.During this period,Japanese court had taken various measures,which grounded on the Ritsury? system to against pestilence outbreaks.At the beginning of its implementation,relief works for epidemic diseases focusing on medical treatment had been strictly put into practice.