《水浒传》三纲观念识要——与《三国演义》、《红楼梦》作比较谈

Ideology of the Three-Cardinal-Guides in Heroes of the Marshes:A Comparative Study with Romance of the Three Kingdoms & Dream of the Red Chamber

"三纲"是中国封建社会中三种最主要的道德观念。《水浒传》与《三国演义》对其是恭奉,《红楼梦》对其是讥讽。《水浒传》与《三国演义》不只恭奉"朋友而兄弟,兄弟而又主臣"的君臣观,而且还恭奉"执一而忠,有死不贰"的君臣观;不只恭奉"天下土地,唯有德者居之"的君道观,而且还恭奉"良禽择木而栖,贤臣择主而事"的臣道观。《水浒传》与《三国演义》对"父为子纲"是恪守的,意在"移孝为忠"。《红楼梦》则反对仕途经济道路,"父与子"的矛盾成了小说的主轴。《水浒传》与《三国演义》皆宣扬"男尊女卑",《红楼梦》则反之,认为"男尊女卑"的观念是不合理的,认为"夫为妻纲"的观念是不合理的,认为以男性居于社会中心统治地位的封建等级思想和制度,是不合理的。

The Three-Cardinal-Guides are the three major moral values in the Chinese feudalist society.Heroes of the Marshes and Romance of the Three Kingdoms comply with these values while Dream of the Red Chamber satires them.The former two sing high praises to the Three-Cardinal-Guides that define the power relations between emperor relationships,＂friends,brothers and lord-officer relationship＂,and ＂one lord forever＂.They value such ideas as ＂the power goes to the virtuous lord＂ and ＂the able and virtuous officer serves the right lord＂.They also stand to the concept of son＇s obedience to father,shifting their filial to loyalty.On the contrary,Dream of the Red Chamber argues against the official career,and father-son conflict holds the whole story.Different from the former two classics,Dream of the Red Chamber condemns the male-superiority ideology,and holds that wife＇s compliance to husband as well as the feudal hierarchies and systems which support the male-dominated society are totally unreasonable.