《九歌·国殇》历史与神话背景研究述评

A Review on the History and Myth Background of Guoshang

《国殇》的历史与神话背景是自古以来学术界讨论的热点,在其时代和创作背景、祭祀主体和形式研究上出现了不少针锋相对的观点。关于《国殇》的性质,主张《国殇》为屈原所作者一派主要有祭祀为国捐躯的英雄的乐歌说、用以获福助却秦军的巫歌说、出征前鼓舞士气的雄壮舞曲说、消灾祈福的祭傩歌曲说、现实主义的叙事诗说五种说法;主张《国殇》非屈原所作者一派主要有战国以前民间祭歌说、汉人所作祭歌说两种说法。关于《国殇》的祭祀对象,主要有祭死于国事者说、祭祖先说、祭鬼驱鬼说、祭战神说、猎首祭说、屈原自祭说六种说法。整体来说,学者们研究《国殇》的历史与神话背景综合呈现出跨学科研究的特点,取得了丰硕的成果。但是,关于《国殇》的创作时代及其历史背景,关于《国殇》的祭祀对象及其神话背景,学术界迄今并未取得一致的意见,形成一致的结论。

The history and myth background of Guoshang has been the hot topic in academic circles since the ancient times. There i＇e lots of different opinions on its background, body and form of worship. As for the nature of Guoshang, therei＇e five opinions supporting Qu Yuan is the author of Guoshang, namely, a song with accompaniment worshipping heroes who sacrificed their lives for their country, a song of sacrifice praying for help against the army of Qin Dynasty, a magnificent dance enhancing troop morale before going out for a battle, a song praying lucky and relief, and an epic of realism. As for the Ritual objects of Guoshang, therete seven opinions, namely, worshipping those who died in state affairs, worshipping ancestors, worshipping ghost and exorcism, worshipping Mars, festival of hunting and worshipping Qu Yuan himself. Although the research on the history and myth background of Guoshang shows an interdisciplinary characteristic and the achievements are productive, there＇s no unanimous conclusion in the academic circles.