生态水文中无线传感器网络应用研究

Study and Application of the Wireless Sensor Network to Eco-hydrology

无线传感器技术的成熟推动了无线传感器网络在环境监测中的广泛应用.但在高寒高海拔极端恶劣环境下,开展无线传感器网络应用的较少.从生态-水文研究出发,选取关注度较高的黑河流域一级支流马粪沟子流域为研究区域,配合现有定点观测系统,提出一种适宜生态-水文模型需要的面上密集数据观测的无线传感器网络系统框架.重点讨论了无线传感器观测网络的实现方案、观测点的选取、传感器节点的部署、节点的网络拓扑构成以及传感器网络的软、硬件组成,实现了已经部署的无线传感器观测网络的数据自动采集、自动传输、自动处理及数据可视化展示等,总结并分析了无线传感器网络在生态-水文应用与研究中存在的问题和经验,并对应用前景进行了展望.

Traditionally,eco-hydrological data are derived from available hydrologic stations,meteorological stations and remote sensing image.However,these data still does not meet the need to construct accurate eco-hydrological models and to simulate high-precision eco-hydrological processes.Therefore,intensive environmental observation is necessary to express the temporal and spatial evolutions of the eco-hydrological processes integrally and continuously.In addition to the available observation techniques（e.g.,fixed point stations）,new methods for data-intensive observation in eco-hydrological research are needed.Emerging wireless sensor network technology has brought many opportunities for eco-hydrological research. The technology of wireless sensor has matured to promote many applications to environmental monitoring.However,applications with wireless sensor network were less carried out under the circumstance of extremely cold and high altitude. In this study,a tributary of the Heihe River named Mafengou has been selected to perform the application and research.To meet the requirements of environmental observation with watershed eco-hydrological wireless sensor network,a system framework of wireless sensor network is designed.The establishment of demonstration zone,the deployment of sensor nodes and the network topology,and software and hardware components of the wireless sensor network are discussed.In the wireless sensor network post-deployed,the implementation of techniques（e.g.,data acquisition,data transmission,data processing,data quality control and data representation） is provided.Data was acquired over several months by deploying wireless sensor network in the pilot region of Mafengou sub-basin.The technical architectures of design,deployment and operation of wireless sensor network in high altitude and severe cold weather areas are formed.Finally,the problems and experiences of wireless sensor network in eco-hydrological applications and researches are summarized,and a fundamental frame is provided to deploy large scale wireless sensor networks in field to perform dense eco-hydrological observation in the future.