稻鸭共作系统中稻飞虱及主要捕食性天敌的空间生态位

Spatial ecological niches of Nilaparvata lugens and its main predatory natural enemies in rice-duck integrated farming system

对施用化肥(化肥区)、稻鸭共作(稻鸭区)和无化肥农药(空白区)处理区中稻飞虱及其主要捕食性天敌进行了调查,并对其在稻株中的空间分布及其变化规律和生态位特征进行了分析。结果表明,化肥区、稻鸭区和空白区分别以球蛛、管巢蛛和跳蛛的空间生态位宽度为最高,均在0.80以上;稻鸭区中稻飞虱的空间生态位宽度达0.83,比空白区、化肥区分别低5.0%和5.9%;稻鸭共作使得肖蛸、瓢虫、跳蛛、隐翅虫与稻飞虱发生的空间同域性增强,相遇机率提高,一定程度上提高了对稻飞虱的潜在控制作用,但同时也降低了狼蛛、皿蛛和管巢蛛等与稻飞虱的生态位重叠,削弱了这些天敌对稻飞虱种群的控制潜能;稻鸭共作对天敌在稻株中的发生部位和同域性也具有一定的影响。稻鸭共作可能通过改变稻飞虱及其天敌类群的空间分布格局和生态位特征等影响稻飞虱种群的发生和数量消长。

Three treatments including chemical fertilization,rice-duck farming,and no chemical pesticides/fertilizer application（control） were installed to study the spatial distribution patterns and ecological niches of Nilaparvata lugens and its main predatory natural enemies.In the plots of chemical fertilization,rice-duck farming,and the control,Theridiidae,Clubionidae and Salticidae shared the highest niche width,respectively,with a value of over 0.80.The spatial niche breadth of N.lugens in the plots of rice-duck farming was 0.83,being 5.0% and 5.9% lower than that in the control and chemical fertilization plots,respectively.Rice-duck farming made the common spatial domain of N.lugens and its main natural enemies Tetragnathidae,Coccinellidae,Salticidae,and Staphylinid increased,affording more probability of their encounter and enhancing the control potentialities of these natural enemies on N.lugens to a certain extent.However,the niche overlapped between N.lugens and natural enemies Lycosidae,Linyphiidae,and Clubionidae decreased,which weakened the control potentialities of these natural enemies.Rice-duck farming also had definite effects on the occurrence position and spatial domain of main predatory natural enemies on rice plant.In sum,rice-duck farming could have positive effects on the outbreak and trade-off of N.lugens via altering the spatial distribution patterns and ecological niche characteristics of N.lugens and its main predatory natural enemies.