环境法基本原则与环境行政许可制度建构

The Basic Principles of Environmental Law and Institutions Establishment of Environmental Administrative License

在现代社会,许可证制度是防范环境风险最主要的法律制度。目前学界对行政许可的一般立法原则(法律保留原则、便民效率原则、信赖保护原则、公开公平原则等)探讨甚多,而对环境法基本原则在环境行政许可制度建构中的运用作系统探讨的尚不多见。环境行政许可具有风险品性、科技背景、利益权衡、代际平衡、国际关联等五个特征,因此,环境行政许可的制度建构,除了须遵循行政许可的一般立法原则外,还须遵循预防、谨慎行事、合理开发利用、污染者负担、科技促进、公众参与、协同合作、国家环境资源主权与不损害国外环境等八项环境法基本原则。这八项原则对环境行政许可制度的建构均有各自明确的要求,并在特定情况下使许可举证责任发生转移。

In modern society,the administrative license is the main institution that guards against environmental risk.At present,we mainly discuss the general legislation principles of administrative license but neglect the use of the basic principles of environmental law in institutions establishment of environmental administrative license.Environmental administrative license has five features:risk attribute,science setting,benefit judge,balance of present generation and later generations,international connection.So,besides the general legislation principles of administrative license(including law reservation principle,facilities and efficiency principle,trust protection principle,opening and fairness principle,etc.),the legislation of environmental administrative license should also abide by the following eight principles:prevention principle,precautionary principle,rational utilization principle,polluter pays principle,ordinary people joining principle,science promotion principle,cooperation principle and state environment sovereignty and unharming external environment principle.The eight principles have clear requests concerning specific institutions establishment.Meanwhile,under specific circumstances,the proof duty of administrative license is changed.