司马迁天下“皆为利”思想简论——兼与亚当·斯密“经济人”假设比较

On Sima Qian's Idea of "All for Benefits"

天下"皆为利"与善因论是司马迁经济思想的重要内容,以人的"利己"本性为前提,肯定人们求利、求富的合理性,在等级森严,"小不得僭大,贱不得踰贵"的秦汉社会,具有明显的进步性。亚当.斯密"经济人"与"看不见的手"的假设亦强调尊重个人的求利行为与市场经济运行规律。司马迁与斯密研究求富、逐利行为,尽管皆以人的"利己"本性为前提条件,但因各自所处的时代不同,研究的社会经济现象及视角各异,二者又是两种性质完全不同的经济思想。前者代表了庶民地主和工商业地主的利益和要求,而非为替资本主义辩护,后者则是上升时期工业资产阶级反对重商主义和国家干预政策,要求自由发展资本主义的经济理论。

The idea of ＂all for benefits＂ and ＂economic freedom＂ are the key component of Sima Qian＇s economic thoughts. Based on the human nature of ＂for oneself＇, he agrees the rationality of pursuing benefits and wealth, which is a progressive in the society of Qin and Hall dynasties. Adam Smith＇s ＂economic person＂ and ＂invisible hand＂ also stress the respect of person pursuit of benefits and market rules. In studying the pursuit of benefits and wealth, the two scholars uses different perspectives to study different social issues. Sima Qian stands for the benefits of the landlords and businessmen while Smith represents the industrial bourgeoisie＇s caU for free capitalism.