试论家畜遗传资源保护的原理与方法

Animal Genetic Resources Conservation Principles and Methods

本文论述了家畜遗传资源保护的理论和实践方法,部分讨论了家畜遗传资源保护的目标及维持品种间和品种内的多样性以及认识单个品种的价值。在一些文章中,为实现这一目标提出过数种不同战略,包括Weitzman提出的多样性度量方法,这在本文中是一个基础概念。尽管,关于决策制定的高深而详细的方法在一些文献中讨论过,但这一概念在国家或国际以及非政府组织中则是非常简单的,甚至仅仅局限于群体数量,而实际上,这一概念讨论的是决策的制定基于一个品种的全球多样性。因而,相应的决策制定和实际行动应和国际水平相符合,一些正确的决策尺度将能很好地提高保护投资的效率。家畜保护应当建立在更宽广的客观目标,即尽可能的反映保护的一系列品种的未来价值,这包括品种间、品种内多样性、特殊性状、主要品种的文化和科学价值。因此,一个重要的议题是如何引申出评价品种价值和一个品种濒危程度所需要的若干参数,一般来说,能获得准确的数值是困难的,基于不确定值而制定的保护策略显然具有一定的风险,而Bayesian(贝叶斯)决策理论将是一个好的选择,这种最优选择的分配模式和保护行动的执行建立在Weitzman提出的期望多样性概念而得以引伸。

The protection theory, method and objective of livestock genetic resources, the maintenance of species diversity within and between breeds and the value of single breed were discussed in this paper. Weitzman＇s diversity measure is a basic concept in this article. Although, the decision - making method has been discussed in some literature, the concept is very simple, in a country or international and non - governmental organizations in fact, this discussion is the concept of decision making based on a variety of global diversity. Thus, the corresponding decision - making and practical action should be consistent with international standards ; some of the correct decision make size will improve the efficiency of investment protection. The protection of livestock should be built on a broader objective target, and can reflect future values of varieties that were protected. The future values include diversities between or in animal varieties, special characters, cultural and scientific value of main species. Therefore, an important topic for discussion can expound several parameters which are necessary for evaluating animals＇ value and the degree of endangered. In a general way, it is hard to get accurate value and it is dangerous to establish a protecting strategy using uncertain arguments Bayesian, based on the expecting diversity multifarious concept by Weitzman, is a good choice for selecting allocation mode and taking protective actions.