历史人物评价标准的反省与重建——以“成王败寇论”为中心的考察

Reflection and Reconstruction of the Criteria for Evaluating Historical Personalities——the Prevailing Idea of "The Winner Takes All" as the Center of Investigation

"成王败寇"这一历史人物评价标准自20世纪50年代以来,在马克思主义史学中以"历史作用"标准出现,最为公认并被普遍采用,其主要内容是历史进步、生产力发展、民族统一、人民利益、社会需要等。它是以历史人物所作所为的客观效果,对历史发展的推动或阻碍作用作为评价的基本尺度或首要准则。这种标准的片面运用,导致了在事功判断与道德判断、人类历史中物质与精神、历史人物现世成功与历史成功等关系问题上的偏失。在当今全球化背景下,必须充分估价道德评判的重要意义,构建多元评价体系,以克服"成王败寇"论的不足。

The idea of ＂The winner takes all＂ refers to evaluating a person, especially the historical figure, according to his success or failure. Since 1950s, It has been used in Marxist historiography as ＂ historic roles＂, which mainly includes the progress of history, development of productive forces, national unity, people＇ s inter- ests, social needs etc. That is the historical figures have been evaluated according to promoting or hindering the de- velopment of history. The criteria have been widely used and accepted after the establishment of People＇ s Republic of China, which is related to the judgment of a person＇ s achievement or morality, the relationship between the ma- terial and spirit, a person＇ s success in his time and in history etc. Today, under the background of globalization, it is necessary to view the influence and significance of ethical standard correctly, and construct multiple patterns for evaluating historical figure, so that the insufficient of ＂The winner takes all＂ can be overcome.