潮土长期定位施肥对小麦生理特性、产量及面粉品质的影响

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on Physiological Property,Grain Yield and Flour Quality of Wheat

在国家潮土肥力监测与肥料效益长期定位监测基地18年不同施肥制度的基础上,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施肥处理对小麦生长、产量及面粉品质的影响。结果表明,在长期施用化肥处理的处理中,施用氮肥及与磷钾肥配施处理的叶片叶绿素含量明显高于对照和不施氮肥(PK)处理,其中以NP和NPK最高;长期施用有机肥和化肥配施处理中,以1.5MNPK和MNPK2处理最高;且氮磷配施、氮磷钾全量配施以及化肥与有机肥配施提高了小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性。NP和NPK处理的小麦产量、穗粒数、穗数明显高于其他处理;N和NK处理小麦千粒重明显高于其他处理,但小麦产量最低;有机肥与化肥配施处理的产量与NPK处理差异不显著,千粒重、穗数均高于NPK处理,以增施有机肥料(1.5MNPK)处理最明显;不同处理对必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量影响顺序是:NK>N>NP>NPK>PK,而对其产量影响顺序是:NP>NPK>NK>N>PK,长期施用NPK和有机肥配施的处理中,MNPK的总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量和产量均高于其他处理,SNPK最低,说明施用有机肥料比秸秆还田更有利于氨基酸含量的提高。不同施肥处理对小麦出粉率影响较小,增施有机肥料对小麦的出粉率促进作用不明显,而对小麦面粉产量的影响较大,长期不施肥处理的面粉产量最低,而以NPK最高。

The 18-year long-term located fertilization experiment was carried out in National Chao Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Long-term Monitoring Network（Zhengzhou） to study the effect of different fertilization treatments on physiological property,grain yield and flour quality of wheat.The results showed that,in the long-term located application treatment of chemical fertilizers,the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves was significantly higher in N fertilizer treatment or NPK fertilizer combination than that in the treatments without N fertilizer,and the highest came from the NP and NPK treatment.In the combined treatments of chemical and organic fertilizers,the chlorophyll contents of 1.5MNPK and MNPK2 were the highest.The NP combined treatment,NPK combined treatment and chemical-organic fertilizer combined treatment could obviously increase the nitrate reeducates activity of wheat leaves,so as to improve the nutrition growth of wheat.The yield,kernel number per spike and spike number of NP and NPK treatments were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The 1 000-seed weight of N and NK treatments was distinctly higher than that of other treatments,but its grain yield was very low.The organic-inorganic fertilizer combined treatment had no difference to NPK treatment in grain yield,but was higher in1 000-seed weight and spike number,of which the treatment of 1.5MNPK was the best.The order of treatments was NKNNPNPKPK for total and necessary amino acid contents in wheat grains,and NPNPKNKNPK for grain yield.In the treatments of NPK and organic-fertilizer combination,the total and necessary amino acid contents and yield were higher in MNPK treatment than in other treatments of which SNPK treatment was very low,suggesting that applying organic fertilizer was better than returning straws to field for increasing the amino acid content.Different fertilization treatments had little effect on wheat flour milling percentage,but could significantly affect the flour yield which was the highest for NPK treatment and the lowest for no fertilizer treatment.