“哲学之士”与“面包学者”——德国大学的古典理念与当代现实

A philosophic thinker and bread-and-butter scholar——Classical idea and reality of German universities

"哲学之士"与"面包学者"是德国诗人席勒提出的一对概念,用来指称带着学术性或功利性两类不同目的和动机来求学的学生。在古典理念的层面上,"为科学而科学"的哲学之士代表着德国学术精英眼中理想的学生类型。但是,在这一理念提出的年代,多数大学生尚属于是为谋职而求学的面包学者。德国当代大学生的学业动机表现出多元化的特征,不过,总的来看,绝大多数学生在学业和专业选择上主要是出于对知识和专业的内在兴趣,受到内部动机的影响,职业和收入等外部动机相对而言居于次要的地位。从这个意义上说,当代的大学生比古代的大学生更加接近于德国的古典大学理念。

Philosophic thinker virsus bread-and-butter scholar is initially put forward by the German poet,Friedrich Schiller,to the effect that students follow their academic or utilitarian pursuits.In the sense of classical idea,philosophic thinkers who dedicate their lives to science represent the ideal students in Germany.However,bread-and-butter scholars who study only with the purpose of employment constitute a high proportion.German university students are characterized by diversity of motivations.Their choices of study and specialty are primarily affected by intrinsic interests or motivations,and extrinsic motivations such as career and incomes,the latter of which plays a minor role.Hence,modern German university students are closer to the classical ideas.