柏拉图对功利主义正义观的批判及其现代理论回响

Plato's Criticism to the Conception of Justice of Utilitarianism and Its Modern Theoretical Response

柏拉图是讨论正义问题最多的古希腊哲学家,他的《国家篇》是西方古代正义论的典范之作。柏拉图在对话中概括了当时流行的功利主义正义观,并指出,这种观点把正义的本质规定为利益,把正义的起源归于人们为趋利避害所订立的契约。他对这种正义观进行了一系列的批判,指出它使人为了利益而追求不正义,错置作为美德和智慧的正义,随之而来的就是分裂、仇恨和争斗,最终将破坏不正义者的幸福。他认为,只有通过探寻正义的真正本质,才能最终驳倒功利主义。本文最后联系了麦金太尔、卡西尔、列奥.施特劳斯对柏拉图正义论的评价,将柏拉图的正义论概括为"本质主义的正义论"或"整体主义的正义论"。

Plato discusses on justice more than other ancient Greek philosophers.His Republic is a classical work on justice.In this work,Plato summarizes the conception of justice of Utilitarianism that it defines the essence of justice as ＂benefit＂ and traces the origin of justice back to a contract for seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages.Then he criticizes such a view,because（1） it advocates people to pursuit injustice for benefits,（2） it misplaces the justice of virtue and wisdom,（3） with disruption,hatred and conflict,it will destroy the happiness of the injustice.However,Plato believes that it is only by seeking the true essence of justice that we can refute such view.Finally,this article reviews the commentaries from MacIntyre,Cassirer and Leo Strauss,and regards Plato＇s theory of justice as ＂Essentialism＂ or ＂Holism＂.