朝鲜半岛《步虚子》的中国起源

The Chinese Origin of Bu Xu Zi in Korean Peninsula

《步虚子》大概是人类历史上持续时间最长、流传最广的一支乐曲。它产生在中国三国时代,于宋徽宗政和四年(1114)传入高丽,并在韩国保存至今;它也以不同形式生存在中国各地的道教音乐之中。究其起源,《步虚子》是一支从古代雅乐、方士琴歌、佛教呗赞转读、禹步、七盘舞等诸多事物中吸取艺术要素而形成的道教歌舞曲。它原来配合金丹道派的内修秘术,后经东晋葛巢甫整理,成为灵宝斋仪的重要组成部分。在南朝,它吸收了叩齿、咽液、咒祝、存思真神等上清斋仪的内容。在唐代,它讲求音诵之美,重点表现缥缈仙举的道教意境。因此,《步虚子》的生命力是同它所代表的历史积累相关的。作为道教仪式音乐的精华,它不仅具备优秀的艺术品质,而且具备鲜明的仪式品质,这使它成为"唐乐"的代表,得到朝鲜仪式的接纳,因而长存。

Bu Xu Zi is probably the most widespread musical composition which lasts the longest in the human history.It came into being in the period of the Three Kingdoms Period,and then introduced into Koryeo in 1114 and was kept until now in Korea.It also exists in various forms of Taoist music across China.As for its origin,Bu Xu Zi is a Taoist song-and-dance musical composition formed by absorbing the artistic elements of the ancient gagaku,alchemist lute songs,the Buddhist singing,the yubu dancing,the qipanwu dancing and other diversified artistic resources.It formerly coordinated with Jindan Taoist＇s occult sciences and later was rearranged by Ge Chaofu from the Eastern Jin Dynasty,thus became a main component of Lingbao religious rite.During the Southern Dynasty,it absorbed some contents of Shangqing religious rite such as teeth-tapping,saliva-swallowing,swearing and meditating.In the Tang Dynasty,it pursued the beauty of music and rhyme,attaching importance to the wispy and ethereal Taoist artistic conception.Therefore,the vitality of Bu Xu Zi is related to the historical accumulations it represents.As the essence of Taoist religious rite music,Bu Xu Zi not only possesses excellent artistic trait,but also has typical religious rite quality,which makes it the representative of Tang music and thus accepted by Korean religious rites and exist for a long period of time.