清代前期朝贡关系考辨——从《皇清职贡图》说起

Textual Criticism on Relation of Presents Tributein the Early Qing Dynasty

《皇清职贡图》是清代初期编纂的大型民族图志,全方位地记载了清代全盛时期境内、境外的邦国和部族。虽然此书名为"职贡",但是其中所记载的邦国和部族与清朝的关系不能一概而言为朝贡关系。就境内的部族和清初纳入版图的西藏、新疆、蒙古诸部以及境外有臣属关系的外藩来讲,确有朝贡关系;而境外的一些邦国只是贸易关系,并不存在朝贡关系。

＂Royal Tribute Picture of Qing dynasty＂（Huang Qing Zhigong Tu） which was finished in the Reign of Emperor Qianlong is a significant national picture records and completely records both national and overseas states and Tribes in Qing＇s bloom period.Although named ＂Tribute＂,the relation between Qing and other states can not be treated as relation of presents＇ tribute in this document.The relation between Qing and vassals such as Tibet,Sinkiang and Mongolia which were brought into territory in the early Qing Dynasty is really in tribute relationship with the Qing Government.There is not tribute relation but trade relation when referred to overseas states.