西藏农村生物质能利用与可持续发展对策

Rural Biomass Energy Utilization and Measures of Sustainable Development in Tibet from Low Carbon Perspective

[目的]为实现西藏农村能源的可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]综述了西藏能源资源情况,分析了西藏农村生物质能利用的特点及潜力,并提出了西藏薪柴替代战略的可持续发展对策。[结果]西藏可再生能源十分丰富,主要有水能、地热能、太阳能、风能和以薪柴和畜粪为主的生物质能,而常规化石能源资源稀缺,石油、煤炭资源较少,能源消耗以生物质能为主。这种低水平的传统的能源消费结构使脆弱的高原生态植被遭到破坏,致使生态环境恶化,水土流失加剧,土壤肥力下降。[结论]西藏未来的能源发展战略迫切需要改变目前能源的消费结构,积极实施薪柴替代战略,大力发展太阳能、风能、农村小水电替代目前以生物质能为主的能源消费结构,加快小城镇化进程,重点发展农村沼气,因地制宜,多能互补,减少因能源消费对西藏生态环境的破坏。

[ Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality. [ Method ] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet, we analyzed the characteristics and potential of rural biomass utilization in Tibet, and further put forward the sustainable countermeasures on the firewood substitution in Tibet. [ Result] Renewable energies including hydrau- lic, geothermal, solar and wind resources are abundant in Tibet, while there is less fine quality energy resources with uneven distribution and poor exploration conditions such as oil and coal. Traditional consumption of biomass energy resource accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in Tibetan rural districts, which causes potential damage to the fragile ecological environment on the Tibetan Plateau. The excessive use of biomass energy destroyed the vegetation and evoked the environment deterioration such as the intensification of the water and soil loss and the declining of the soil fertility. ~ Conclusion] It is essential for Tibet to change its rural energy consumption structure, imple- ment the Tibetan firewood alternative energy strategy and try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, hydro- energy instead of native vegetation and animalg droppings in order to reduce the adverse impacts of the irrational energy consumption on the ec- ological environment in Tibet.