城市化产生的城乡景观生态问题

Urban and Rural Landscape Ecological Problem Produced by Urbanization

运用景观生态学的理论和方法对城市化进程中的城市和乡村景观的结构、布局、功能和资源利用等方面进行研究,分析了中国目前由城市化带来的城乡景观问题和问题产生的原因:乡村景观生态问题突出自然、半自然景观的退化造成生态平衡失调,景观格局混乱造成生态环境质量下降,新旧景观不协调造成乡土特色消失,人地关系矛盾突出,土地浪费及污染严重,生态环境遭到破坏;城市景观生态问题强调区域生态环境遭到破坏使得生态功能下降、具有重要价值的自然与人文景观遭到破坏、城市绿色空间不断减少造成景观破碎度增加、城市布局缺乏规划引发空间发展问题。在此基础上提出相应的对策,指出乡村景观生态问题的解决应注重景观生态规划、调整布局,以整体性原则协调区域综合发展,有效协调各种矛盾,加大农村土地整理力度,开展生态网络建设;城市景观生态优化应着重于合理规划景观结构比例,建立合理的景观格局,并有效地建设城市绿地,调控生态环境。

By using landscape ecology theory and measure, structure, layout, function and resources utilization of urban and rural landscape during urbanization process had been studied; urban and rural landscape problems brought by urbanization and reasons causing them had been analyzed. In terms of rural landscape ecological problems, degeneration of natural and semi-natural landscape caused ecological unbalance, disorder of landscape pattern caused decrease of ecological environmental quality, disharmony between new and old landscape caused loss of n- ative characteristic, contradiction between land and population became acute, land waste and pollution were serious and ecological environ- ment had been damaged. In terms of urban landscape ecological problem, damage of regional ecological environment gave rise to decrease of ecological function, natural and cultural landscapes with significant value had been destroyed, urban green space constantly decreased and landscape fragmentation degree increased, urban layout lacked of planning which led to spatial development .problem. On this basis, corre- sponding countermeasures had been proposed. It pointed out that, as for rural landscape ecological problems, it should pay attention to land- scape ecological planning and adjustment of layout, coordinate regional comprehensive development by integrity principle, effectively coordi- nate all kinds of contradictions, intensify the effort for rural land arrangement, and develop construction of ecological network; as for urban landscape ecological problems, it should lay stress on reasonable planning of landscape structural proportion, establishing reasonable landscape pattern, effectively constructing urban green land and regulating ecological environment.