国内外甘蔗种质资源的采集保育与利用研究概述

A REVIEW OF STUDIES ON COLLECTION, MAINTENANCE AND USE SUGAR CANE GERMPLASM IN THE WORLD

种质是育种的物资基础。1982～1984年,世界各个蔗糖国家先后组织15批考察队住新几内亚搜集甘蔗种质,最大的收获是发现拔地拉与大茎野生种。1918～1985年爪哇先后组织8批考察队到印度尼西亚搜集到2n=112 Glagah和卡苏亚。1912～1983年印度组织7批考察队在其国内找到2n=64印度割手密种。1940～1978年我国台湾省曾组织6批考察队搜集到割手密种450个、芒221个。1975～1979年我国云南、四川、贵州、福建四省共搜集到甘蔗种质资源341个。继后,1981～1983年云南搜集到266个,1983～1988年广西搜集270个,1978～1988年广东搜集85个。世界甘蔗种质资源在美国迈阿密的2891个,在印度科印巴陀与坎纳诺尔保存有1804个。 爪哇最先以2n=112 Glagah导入热带种Saccharum officinarum L.进行种间高贵化杂交,育成一系列具2个种（热带种×割手密种）的POJ2878为最好。印度以印度种与割手密种导入热带种进行杂交,育成一系列具3个种（热带种×割手密种×印度种）的CO品种,是甘蔗育种上的新突破。1961年以来,各国甘蔗有性杂交工作成绩不大,没有育成突破性品种,主要原因是甘蔗杂交的亲缘局限性很大。

Germplasm is the fundamental material of breeding. From 1892-1984, 15 expeditions Were or ganized to New Guinea to collect germplasm, the achievement of which was the discovery of Badila and Saccharum robustum. From 1918-1983, 8 expeditions were organized to Indonesia where 2n=112 Glagah and Kassoer were found. From 1912-1983, there were 7 expeditions in India where 2n=64 Saccharum spontaneum was found. From 1940-1978, 450 clones of Saccharum spontoneum and 221 clones of Miscanthus spp. were collected in Taiwan. In Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Fujian, 341 clones were collected during 1975-1979. 266, 270 and 85 clones of germplasm were collected respectively in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong during 1983-1988, At Present there are 2891 clones of germplasm maintained in Miami, Florida, U. S. A., 1804 clones in Coimbatore and Cannanone, India. Java was the earliest to cross 2n = 112 Glagah(S.spontaneu)with Saccharum officinarum which produced a series of bispecific crosses of POJ varieties, POJ 2878 is the best among which. This kind of crosses is known as Nobilization. Soon abtenasd, India carried out nobilization breeding yet and gained a series of trispeccific crosses of Co-varieties which are known as good as POJ varieties. After 1961 no outstanding varieties were brei in the world. The reason was that the genetic base of sugarcane varieties was too narrow. To solve the problem it is necessary to collect more germplasm to broaden the genetic base by continuous addition of new hereditable genes to the varieties.