不同产量水平葡萄园水肥投入特点及其土壤-树体养分特征分析

Characteristics of Water and Fertilizer Inputs in Different Production Levels Wineyards and Soil-Tree Nutrient Characteristics Analyse

选择河北省葡萄主产区张家口怀来县鲜食和酿酒葡萄典型高低产园为研究对象,连续2a跟踪剖析其水肥投入特点,比对分析树体营养与土壤养分协调供应关系。结果表明:(1)生长季总灌溉量高产园<低产园,灌溉水利用效率明显高于低产园;酿酒葡萄高产园灌溉量为1 822m3/hm2较为适宜。(2)当地高低产园养分投入均偏高且盈余严重,鲜食果园氮、磷、钾盈余量分别为693.3,663.9,705.3kg/hm2,酿酒果园则为145.9,353.3,246.4kg/hm2;高产园较为关注生长季全程及需钾关键生育期钾肥追施补充。(3)鲜食高产园果实可溶性固形物、还原性Vc显著高于低产园;酿酒高产园氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均明显高于低产园,实现了养分资源的高效利用。(4)树体氮素含量叶片>叶柄、果穗,生长季总体呈下降趋势,土壤硝态氮与树体氮素含量没有明显相关性;叶片磷素变化剧烈,鲜食和酿酒分别呈现"高-低-高"和"M"状动态变化,叶柄和果穗波动较小,土壤速效磷与叶片磷素含量呈负相关趋势;整个生长季植株钾含量表现出叶柄>果穗>叶片的趋势,叶柄中钾素变化波动较大,高产园花后始终维持较高的土壤供钾水平。(5)建议葡萄植株氮磷营养诊断应选取花后叶片,钾则以花后叶柄为宜。

The study,which took the typical high and low yield wineyards for fresh and wine grape,in Huailai county,Zhangjiakou main grape producing area of Hebei province as the object,conducts tracking analysis on characteristics of water and fertilizer inputs in consecutive 2 years,as well as alignment analysis on coordinative supply relations between nutrition of tree body and soil nutrient.The results showed that（1）Total irrigation amount of the high yield wineyards in growing season were lower than that of the low yield wineyards,and efficiency of irrigation water were significantly higher than that of the low yield wineyards;wine grape irrigation amount in the high yield wineyard of 1 822 m3/hm2 was appropriate;（2）Nutrient input in high and low yield wineyards of the local place were relative high with serious surplus,surplus amount of N,P and K in fresh grape wineyards were 693.3,663.9,705.3 kg/hm2 respectively,and 145.9,353.3,246.4 kg/hm2 in wine grape wineyards;high yield wineyards were more concerned about the entire growing season,potassium demand and potassium topdressing in the critical growing period;（3）Soluble fruit solids and the reducible Vc in high yield wineyard of fresh grape were obviously higher than that of the low yield wineyard;N,P and K fertilizer productivity in high yield wineyard of wine grape were obviously higher than that of the low yield wineyard,which realized efficient use of nutrient resources;（4）Trunk nitrogen content bladepetiole,fruit ear,showing an overall downward trend in the growing season,soil nitrate nitrogen and trunk nitrogen content had no significant correlations;leaf posphorus changed dramatically,fresh and wine grape presented a ＂high-low-high＂ and M-like dynamic change,the petiole and fruit ear fluctuated slightly,contents of soil available phosphorus and leaf phosphorus showed a trend of negative correlation;potassium content of plant in the entire growing season showed a trend of petiolefruit earleaf blade,potassium changed greatly in petiole,while high yield wineyards after flowering always maintained a relative high soil potassium supply level.（5）It was recommended that leaf blade after flowering should be selected for diagnosis of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of grape plant,while petiole after flowering for potassium.