近代地权研究的资料、工具与方法——再论“关中模式”

The Data,Tools and Methods for Researching Modern Land Ownership——A Re-discussion of the Guanzhong Mode

"关中模式"在资料匹配性、土地买卖频率、分析工具、区域社会特征认识等方面尚有待进一步商榷。研究表明,有的地册只记载了村庄的某一田块,不能反映村庄整体的地权状况。另外,民国年间同地、同条件下的常田地权分配不均,和"关中模式"的特征不符。地册资料记载的土地买卖信息数量不全面,确定交易时间的上下限较困难,据此计算的土地买卖频率并不准确。利用吉尼系数进行地权分配研究存在局限性,吉尼系数高低并不能反映土地占有的具体状况。山、陕黄河沿岸区域社会特征的形成主要是自然环境的外部压力所致,并不完全是由于村庄共同体束缚的内部压力。

The Guanzhong Mode needs further discussions in several areas,including the suitability of data,the frequency of land transactions,analytical tools,and the recognition of regional social characteristics.Studies show that some registers just record one plot in a village and cannot reflect all land ownership in the village.In addition,during the Republican period the distribution of permanent land ownership was unequal,even under the same conditions within a given area.This phenomenon does not conform to the characteristics of the Guangzhong Mode.Land transaction information recorded by land registers was incomplete,and it is difficult for us to confirm the upper and lower limits of transaction times,so the land transaction frequencies based on them are not accurate.There are limitations to the application of Gini Coefficients to the study of land ownership distribution,and the value of the Gini Coefficient cannot reflect actual land ownership.The social characteristics of regions along the Yellow River in Shanxi and Shaanxi were not determined entirely by the inner pressures of village community constraints.In fact,they were mainly formed by outside pressures from the natural environment.