湘西苗族“巴岱”信仰与生态维护——以禾库村水井的变迁为例

Miao "Badai" Primitive Religion and Ecological Maintenance :Take the Changes of Wells at Heku Village as a Case

"禾库"村在共和国建立之前实行的是家族管理模式,其中族长代表家族行驶管理权。族长来自于民间的推选,因而族长得对民众负责。族长在行使权力的过程中往往借助传统的"巴岱"信仰来维护村寨的秩序,以及对生态环境的保护。在生态环境保护的过程中有一项重要的内容就是对该村水井的维护和管理。共和国建立之后,族长的权威旁落,与之相伴随的"巴岱"信仰也随之衰落。新建立的村委会及乡政府职能中没有明确把水井的维护纳入管理的职权范围,于是,围绕水井的生活观念及生活实践慢慢发生变化,其中伴随着禾库村水井的变化,致使当地良好的生态环境也开始遭受破坏。通过调查,我们发现生态环境的维护得尊重文化的连续性,并在政权转型过程中充分考虑"传统"与"现代"的对接,才是走出生态困境的良方。

Heku Village kept clan management mode before the establishment of New China with the clan chiefs as the top executives.Since the chiefs were elected,they had to be responsible for the people.In the management,these chiefs maintained the social order by applying the beliefs in traditional Badai to their management and to the ecological environment protection,including the maintenance and management of wells.After the establishment of New China,the chiefs＇ authority changed hands and the beliefs in Badai declined.The newly-established villager committees and township governments did not take the maintenance of wells into their management.As a result,the villager＇s life beliefs and practice concerning wells changed.With the changes of the wells,the well-preserved ecological environment was damaged.The research proved that cultural continuity is critical to environment protection.Regime transition should take full account of the integration of traditional and modern factors,which will be a better solution for the ecological predicament.