汉语否定词“没”和“没有”的异同——用语料库的方法

Similarities and Differences Between Chinese Negators Mei and Meiyou:A Corpus-based Approach

"没"和"没有"都具有否定的功能,但学界在对其否定功能进行探讨时都未做区分,认为它们可以通用。本文利用语料库方法对汉语否定词"没"和"没有"的异同做了系统考察,发现两者实现的功能大同小异,但在功能的具体实现方式上则各有偏好,表现在:1)"没"和"没有"的否定功能几乎完全相同,但各功能所占比重不同;2)在各功能的具体实现方式上,"没"和"没有"差异明显;3)在衍生功能方面,"没有"多见于用于正反问句的"有没有",而"没"多见于四字格"没A没B"。

Both with negating functions,mei and meiyou have long been considered to be identical in nature.The present paper reports the results of a corpus-based investigation into the similarities and differences between mei and mei-you.Contrary to the widely accepted assumption that mei and meiyou could be used interchangeably,this study shows that although the two forms have commonalities as regards negation,there still exist differences concerning the structures in which their negating functions are realized.The similarities and differences between mei and mei-you could be summarized as follows: 1) While mei and meiyou's negating functions are nearly identical,they differ in the distribution of such functions;2) Mei and meiyou are largely different as regards some specific constructions in which they appear;3) The most frequent derivative function of meiyou is used as a marker of alternative questions,while mei is most seen in the four-character construction mei A mei B.