言说世界,何以可能——《逻辑哲学论》的命题语言学说

To state the world,how can be stated——About the language theory of proposition in "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus"

在《逻辑哲学论》中,维特根斯坦从言说的自明性探讨言说的实质,认为语言与世界共有在先的逻辑形式,它们完全同型同构。一方面,简单对象的特定配置方式构成基本事态或事态,存在的事态是事实,事实的总和就是世界;另一方面,名称的特定结合方式构成基本命题,基本命题的真值函项得到复合命题,命题的总和就是语言。而思想既是有意义的命题也是实在的逻辑图像。这样,作为思想表达的言说就是关于世界的言说,是作为命题的总和的语言图像世界;世界就是被言说的世界,世界依赖于言说。因而,世界必定可以被言说,言说必然是关于世界的言说。于是,语言的界限就是世界的界限。界限之内的是可以言说的,而且都能够说清楚。

In＂Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus＂,Wittgenstein approached essence of state from its self-explanation,held the opinion that language and the world both had pro-logic form and the same type and structure.On one hand,the special distribution mode of simple objects formed elementary situation or facts.The total facts was the world.On the other hand,the name＇s combination formed elementary proposition.Truth-function of elementary proposition formed complicated proposition.Total propositions form language.Thought is not only meaningful proposition,but also real logical pictures.Thus,state as to show thoughts is to state the world.State is really a picture world of language which is the total of propositions.The world is stated and it depends on state.So the world must be stated and state must be about the world.Then the distinction of language is the distinction of the world.The things within the distinction can be stated and can be stated clearly.