摘要自第二次世界大战以后,出现了大量方便旗船（Flag of Convenience;FOC）,后来联合国使用开放登记（Open Registry）一词来替代方便旗制度。近年来主要开放登记国家加大了船舶的安全管理力度,试图革除弊端,改善所登记船舶的国际形象。这些改革在一定程度上缓解了过去高事故发生率和低船舶安全条件等问题,
3K. X. LI , J. Wonham, "Who Is Safe and Who Is at Risk : a Study of 20 - Year - Record on Accident Total Loss in Different Flags", Maritime Policy and Management, 1999, 26 (2), p. 137 ~ 144.
1[1]JORGE LOAIZA Ⅲ ARIAS,FABREGA & FABREGA.Arrest of Vessels in Panama[EB/OL].[2005-10-30].http:∥www.shiparrested.com/continents/samerica/information/arrest_panama.htm.
2[2]MAYRA OBANDO,ESQ.Arrest of Vessels in the Republic of Panama[EB/OL].[2005-10-30].http:∥www.shiparrested.com/Brochure.pdf.
3[3]PARDINI & ASOCIADOS.Anatomy of Arrest in Panama[EB/OL].[2005-10-30].http:∥www.shiparrested.com/Brochure.pdf2.Also See Article 557 of Law No.8 of 1982.
4[4]A D MCARDLE.International Ship Arrest:A PraCtical Guide[M].London:Lloyd's of London Press LTD,1988.
