管治:从身体到人口——福柯管治思想探究

Police:From Body to Population——Exploring Michel Foucault's Thought of Police

权力关系的详尽阐发是福柯政治哲学的重要内容,管治作为17、18世纪西方治理技艺在权力关系领域内运作所使用的主要政治技术之一,旨在维持国内秩序和增强国力之间确立起可控关系。管治以针对身体的戒律为手段,以具有连续细密监视特征的全景敞视主义为基本原则,对监狱、学校、医院、工厂和军营等中的各式人群都实施了注重细节的"政治解剖",造就驯服的个体,谋求国家的强盛。然而,18世纪的重农主义却对管治实践及其权力机制的运作提出了质疑和批评;随之崛起的自由主义这一新的治理技艺把人口视为政治生活的核心,对国家功能作了重新定位。其实,无论是身体的管治,还是人口的管治,都必须解决同一个问题:国家干预和放任自由何者或两者之间的何种关系更能适应特定国家之特定时期的治理实践。

A full exposition of power relations constitutes the important contents of Michel Foucault＇s philosophy of politics. Police, as one of the main political technologies used by western techniques of government in the 17th ,18th century in the field of power relations, using disciplines focusing on people＇s bodies as means and taking panoptism characterized by continuity and detail as basic principle, performs＂a political anatomy＂emphasizing details on various multitudes in prison, school, hospital, workshop and barracks, training the docile individuals and seeking the coun- try＇s powerfulness and prosperousness. However, the physiocraey in the 18th century questions and criticizes the practice of police and its exercise of power mechanisms;the liberalism rising with it, this new technique of govern- ment, regards population as the core of political life, relocating the function of country. In fact, the police whether aiming at body or population must resolve the same problem： state＇s intervention and laissez faire, which and which kind of relation can be more suitable to the given country＇s practice of government in the given times.