美国企业法人在宪法上的权利考察

美国宪法实施以后,法人的宪法地位问题很快就提到了联邦最高法院。进入二十世纪以后,美国法人的宪法权利进一步扩展,法人又拥有了免于双重危险、陪审团审判、政治言论自由等一系列权利。在美国之外,法人的宪法权利也有不同程度的发展。德国在宪法文本中直接规定了法人的宪法权利,日本宪法文本虽无关于法人的明文规定,但在理论和实践中法人都享有一定的宪法权利。法人的宪法权利一直伴随着争议,尤其是法人的政治言论自由更是引发了热烈的争论。赋予法人宪法权利体现了宪法适用的价值,是法人对抗法律侵权的手段,客观上促进了经济发展,但是法人对政治活动的参与也可能引发金钱政治的危险。

In the United States, corporate struggle for constitutional rights has gone through a long process and even today, cases involving the expansion of corporate constitutional rights still catch the public＇ s eyes. In countries such as Germany and Japan, we can also see development of theories and practices in relation to corporate constitutional rights. Fighting for constitutional rights by corporations is a way to avoid legal infringement and granting corporations constitutional rights truly embodies the practicality of the constitution in the process of social development.