卢梭思想中的世界主义和普遍意志

The Cosmopolitism and General Will in Rousseau's Thought

卢梭认同普遍人性和普世道德的存在,但他认为由于人类社会并不构成具有道德人格的共同体,所以人类的普遍意志不能成为政治和道德生活的准则。卢梭也拒绝构想具有统一主权的世界城邦,因为世界城邦会削弱公民的道德责任。卢梭认为应当通过政治共同体的普遍意志来实现普世道德,因为政治共同体会促成道德意识的形成,普遍意志则通过对利己自爱和依附关系的抑制实现了自由、平等、正义。普遍意志必须和共同体的特性以及爱国主义相结合才能成为一种有效的政治和道德力量。

Rousseau believed in the universal human nature and the universal morality,but he did not agree that the general will of human being could be the political and moral principle of human society since the general human society can not constitute a community with its own moral personality.Rousseau refused as well to conceive a cosmopolitan city with a unified sovereignty,because such a city will weaken the moral responsibility of citizens.He thought that the universal morality should be realized by the general will of particular political communities which have contributed to the genesis of the moral conscience.The general will establishes liberty,equality and justice by its power to contain the amour-proper and human bondage.It should be combined with the particular characteristics of the communities and patriotism of the citizens in order to become an efficient political and moral force.