知识与道德的安顿——《论语》论“学”的内在逻辑线索探微

The Place of Knowledge and Morality——A Study of the Inner Logic of "Learning" in The Analects of Confucius

知识与道德何者优先、如何安顿的问题,中西价值取向不同。一直以来被忽略的是:对于这一问题的思考正是贯穿于《论语》论"学"中的一条内在逻辑线索。孔子虽然承认道德价值的优先性,但并不像后儒所理解的那样以道德价值否定知识价值。在孔子那里,知识系统与道德系统既分立而自足,又内在地融通为一体;知识价值与道德价值既为共存关系,亦可能在现实的境遇中趋向对立;正确把握知识接受与德行训练之间的权重与互动关系,则可以使知识价值与道德价值皆有安顿之所。孔子的思想被后儒片面地加以取舍,以道德取代知识成为"学"之主流。于是,知识价值被淹没在对道德价值的过度张扬中,故而引发了近代以来对于儒家文化阻碍科学理性的批判。还原孔子思想的本来面目,不但有正本清源之功效,亦可以为消除当下存在的道德价值被知识价值逐渐消解之偏弊提供有益的思路。

As for the priority and the right place of knowledge and morality,the value orientation is different between the West and the East.The inner logic in The Analects of Confucius provides an answer for those questions;however,it is almost neglected.While Confucius claimed the priority of morality value,he did not refuse the value of knowledge as the later Confucians had thought.Confucius believes that knowledge is separated but also integrated with morality;knowledge and morality value are coexisted but could be against each other in reality.Correctly grasping the priority and interactive relations between them is the right way to place morality and knowledge value.It is wrong for the later Confucians to choose one side of Confucius＇s ideas and make morality the only content of ＂learning＂.The critique of the Confucian culture against science and rationality has become popular since modern age as knowledge value had been obscured by the illumination of morality,Then,restoring the original ideas of Confucius not only clears away the mist around Confucius,but also provides a correct way to solve the state of morality value being neutralized by knowledge value.