气象法律成本缺失的经济学分析——以气象探测的环境保护为视角

从法经济学理论分析,"违法成本低"问题在立法上的体现,是法律责任的设定不合理,大大降低了违法者应当承担的"预期成本"。本文界定了气象违法成本,对气象法律责任立法缺失问题进行了分析,指出目前我国对气象违法责任主体的处罚偏轻。法律规范过于依赖行政处罚或民事赔偿,对刑事手段重视不够。刑事责任和行政责任主要体现了惩罚,而民事责任主要体现了补偿,不同的法律责任体现出不同的法律意图,对气象违法主体行为也会产生不同的威慑效果。只有将这三者有机结合,才能降低政府的监管成本,同时提高公众保护气象环境、遵守气象法的意识。而刑事责任的空缺使气象违法成本大大降低,不利于气候状况的监测和保护,这种局面必须改变。

In the sight of law-economics theory,low law cost reflects the unr easonable legal liability in legislation and greatly lower expected cost of thos e who break the law.This paper has defined the concept of the meteorological il legal cost,analyzed the deficiency of the meteorological legal responsibility l egislation and pointed out that at present the punishment on offenders who break the meteorological law is not severe in our country.Legal norms depend heavily on administrative penalty or civil indemnification,and pay inadequate attentio ns to criminal means.The difference between criminal responsibility and adminis trative responsibility mainly reflect punishment,and civil responsibility refle cts compensation.Different legal responsibility reflects different legal intent ion and shows different deterrent effect on those who break the meteorological l aw.Only if the three means are appropriately integrated,can it cut down monito r cost of the governments at the same time improve public consciousness of prese rving meteorological environment and observing Meteorological law.The absence o f criminal responsibility greatly reduces the meteorological illegal cost and ha rm climate monitoring and protection,which should must be changed.