某固体废弃物填埋场的职业有害因素及对从业人员健康的危害

The analysis of adverse health effects of occupational hazards factors in one solid waste landfill

目的 分析某大型固体废弃物填埋场的职业有害因素及其对从业人员健康的危害.方法 按国家相关标准方法测定固体废弃物填埋作业场所粉尘、有害气体和物理性有害因素,连续2年进行填埋场作业人员的一般体检和肺功能测定、听力检查、神经系统及嗅觉检查,测定尿样中铅、镉和汞含量,采用彗星试验方法测定作业人员外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤.结果 固体废弃物填埋场主要职业有害因素为粉尘、有害气体、高温和噪声.其中,某些作业岗位氧化物、一氧化碳、噪声和夏季气温超过国家职业卫生接触限值.对作业人员健康状况分析显示,一线工人和现场技术管理人员的呼吸道炎症患病率为21.1%,肺功能下降率为11.5%,明显高于行政管理人员（7.1%和0）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;一线工人和现场技术管理人员出现神经系统异常的百分率为50.0%,明显高于行政管理（26.7%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.10.3%的推土机司机由于长期接触高强度噪声引起听力下降.此外,外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤者中75%是一线工人.结论 固体废弃物填埋行业的职业危害因素对作业人员存在明确的健康危害,应加强防护.

Objective To determine occupational hazards in work sites of a large solid waste landfill and analyze their adverse health effects. Method The national standardized detection methods were used to determine dust concentration, harmful gas and physical factors in worksites. Routine physical examination,pulmonary function, hearing tests and nervous system test were performed in workers for 2 consecutive years.Urine lead, cadmium and mercury contents were detected. The comet assay was use to measure DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes among workers. Result The main occupational hazard factors in this solid landfill are dust, harmful gas, high temperature and noise. The oxides, carbon monoxide, and noise and high temperatures in summer at some work sites exceeded the national occupational exposure limits. The prevalence of respiratory inflammation and rate of pulmonary function decrease among front-line workers and on-site technical managers are 21.2% and 11.5%, which are significantly higher than those among administrative staff （7.1% and 0）（P〈0.05）. Nervous system abnormalities rate of front-line workers and on-site technical managers was 50.0%, which is significantly higher than that （26.7%） of administrative staff （P〈0.05）. Because of long-term exposure to high intensity noice, hearing loss rate of bulldozer drivers was 10.3%. In addition, about 75% of workers with DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocyte are front-line workers. Conclusion Adverse health effects from occupational hazards were observed among workers in this solid waste landfill.