论侵权法中的抗辩事由

Defense in Tort Law

侵权法中的抗辩事由是被告在侵权诉讼中据以抗辩的实体法依据,与作为被告防御方式之一种的抗辩完全不同。抗辩事由是阻却法律效果发生的消极构成要件要素。侵权法中的抗辩事由具有独立性、派生性与例外性。如果狭义构成要件涉及复杂的权衡过程,则无法从中派生出具有相对独立性的抗辩事由。由此决定,外来原因虽在无过错责任中存在较为广泛的适用空间,但在过错责任中不构成独立的抗辩事由。

Defenses in tort law are the grounds in substantive law according to which the defendants can defend for themselves in tort litigations,which are totally different from the defense as one of the defending ways in procedure law.Defense is the negative element of constitutive requirements which hinders the occurrence of the legal effect of a legal norm,and it also has the characteristics of independence,derivation and exception.If the constitutive requirement in the narrow meaning concerns about the complicated balance,it cannot deviate any defense with relative independence and exception.Thus,although foreign cause can be applied as defense in the strict liability,it cannot become an independent defense in negligence.