修渠与招垦:治术、策略及其实践——兼论民国初年杨增新治理新疆之道

Irrigating Ditch Building and Wasteland Reclamation——Techniques,Strategies and Practices

杨增新的思想渊源极为复杂,但其内政的理念可概括为:务农本、重吏治,保民利、尚节俭。基于此理念,修渠垦荒以安插流民成为他治理新疆的一个基本出发点。在修渠和招垦中,杨氏调动和利用各种社会力量。在修渠与招垦经费的多种来源中,主要运用的是财政扩张手段,故而杨氏极为关注纸币的信用问题与水利投资的收回。他倾向于向贫民平均授田,反对富户、地方官兼并土地,从而强化了国家——小农的社会结构。总体上,其为政的思想、策略及实践,体现了对国、官、民三者关系的把握与处理。

Yang Zengxin, Governor of Xinjiang in the beginning of the 20th century, formulated his own concepts of internal governance： farming as the basic, official management as the focus, people＇s benefit as the guarantee, and thrift as the advocacy. In line with these ideas, building irrigating ditches and reclaiming wasteland by employing migrating farmers became his starting point in governing Xinjiang. He paid special attention to mobilizing and utilizing all social forces in this undertaking and invested in mainly with government finance. He was therefore very attentive to the paper money trust and the return of the hydro-project investment. He tended to allocate the land equally to poor farmers, opposing land annexation by wealthy families and local officials, and strengthened the ＂state-small farmer＂ social structure. In general, his ideas and strategies of governance and practice indicated his fine capability of dealing with the relationship between the state, officials and the general public.