寒国考

The Textual Research on Hanguo

古寒国出于逢蒙氏,逢蒙氏又为史前祝融部后裔豢龙族的一支。"五帝"时代后期,这一支族自今豫东鲁西地区迁居潍淄流域,夷夏交争之际一度依附于"因夏民以代夏政"的有穷氏后羿,后取代有穷氏而自为盟主,直到夏王少康即位前复为夏后氏所灭。按古本《竹书纪年》所记,寒国的存续年代,若从寒浞杀羿算起,至寒浞被杀为止,前后凡76年(约公元前1910-前1835年)。由部族史到华夏史,寒国的兴亡是个转关。民间传说的嫦娥本称"恒娥",为女巫之通名,其原型可能是寒国的女首领,亦即逢蒙氏之女祖。

The ancient tribal state Hanguo（寒国）was established by Pang Meng Clan （逢蒙氏 ）, one of Huan Long Clans （豢龙氏）which was a descendant of prehistoric Zhu Rong Tribe （祝融部）. In the later period of Five Emperors（五帝）, Huan Long Clan moved from the now western part of Shandong Province, which is on the north of Henan Province, to Weihe River and Zihe River in Shandong Province. At the time of tribal wars between Yi （夷） and Xia（夏）, this clan was dependent for a time on Hou Yi（后羿）, the chief of Youqiong Clan（有穷氏）, then it replaced Youqiong Clan and became the leader until it was destroyed by Xiahou Tribe （夏后氏） around the time of the enthronement of King Shao Kang of the Xia Dynasty. Based on the record of Bamboo Annals （ 《竹书纪年》 ）, the period of existence of Hanguo, if calculated from the time when Han Zhuo（寒浞）killed Hou Yi to the death of Han Zhuo, is about 76 years （ 1910 B. C. --1835 B. C. ）. The rise and fall of Hanguo is a turning point in the changing process from tribal history to Chinese history. In addition, the legendary Chang＇ e （嫦娥）, originally called Heng＇ e（恒娥）, is a common name of a witch. Her prototype is probably the woman chief of Hanguo, namely, the woman ancestor of Pang Meng Clan.