寄生植物的生物学特性及生态学效应

Biological traits and their ecological significances of parasitic plants:A review

寄生植物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在多数生态系统中均有分布。寄生植物完全或部分依赖于寄主植物获取有机养分、无机养分和水分等,以满足自身生长发育需求。在生态学效应方面,寄生植物不但直接影响寄主植物的生长发育,也会通过改变寄主植物的竞争力而影响植物群落组成。寄生植物对寄主植物个体水平的影响多是消极的,并能给人类的生产活动造成直接经济损失,故对寄生植物的防治一直是人们关注的热点问题;在群落水平上,寄生植物对促进植物群落的物种多样性有积极的意义,基于此,寄生植物有潜在利用价值。深入了解寄生植物的生理生态学特性,对有害寄生植物的防除和有益寄生植物的利用有重要价值。本文对寄生植物的生物学特性,包括其寄生类型、寄主范围及偏好、寄主识别和吸器的形成与功能,进行了阐述,并就寄生植物对寄主植物和群落结构的影响进行了探讨,对相关研究前景进行了展望。

Parasitic plants are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems,and widely distributed in most terrestrial ecosystems.They totally or partially depend on the host plants to absorb organic and/or mineral nutrients and water to complete their life cycle.Parasitic plants not only have direct effects on their host plants,but also give influence on the whole plant community via affecting the competition between their host and non-host plants.At individual level,parasitic plants generally show negative effects on the growth of their host plants,and often result in severe financial losses.As a result,the control of parasitic plants has been the focus of relevant research.At community level,however,parasitic plants have positive effects on promoting biodiversity.By this token,parasitic plants have a potential to be used in plant community engineering.Whether to control or to utilize parasites,it is essential to understand their biological traits.This paper reviewed the biological traits of parasitic plants,including parasitism type,host range and preference,host recognition,and haustoria formation and functions.Also,the impacts of parasitic plants on their hosts and on the community structure where the host plants occurred were discussed.The research gaps in relevant fields were pointed out,and the possible research topics were suggested.