晚清的卫生行政与近代身体的形成--以卫生防疫为中心

Hygiene Administration and the Framing of the Modern Body:The Case of Epidemic Prevention

近代以来,民众身体在摆脱人身依附关系的同时,又遭遇身体的"国家化"和被现代权力日益广泛而细密的监控。对于中国社会这一过程,虽已有一些探讨,但尚未有从卫生行政的角度对身体的近代化的专门探究。本文从卫生防疫一隅,考察了从传统到近代,卫生防疫与身体之间关系的变化,以及卫生行政这一现代权力实现对国民监控的过程与特色,以及这样的身体规训又是如何被接受的。本文认为,这一进程的实现,既有西方科学、卫生和文明等话语霸权的威力,更离不开国家的相关立法和相关职能机构逐渐增设。在接纳的过程中,尽管不无外在的压力,但总体上无疑是中国一百多年来那些士绅精英为追求国家和国民现代化而做出的主动而自觉的选择。是在当时内外交困的危局中,为了"强国保种"而不得不作出的一种缺乏深思熟虑、简单便捷化的选择。

Modern times have witnessed the nationalization of the public body, which was under wide and detailed surveillance by the modern state, as well as the loss of personal attachment. While there has some discussions on this process in Chinese society, rarely have there been explorations of the modernization of body in the light of hygiene administration. This paper analyzes the changing relationship between epidemic prevention and body from traditional to modern times from the perspective of epidemic prevention. It also investigates the process and characteristics of national supervision of the modern state＇s hygiene administration, and illustrates how this body discipline was accepted at that time. The author suggests that in addition to the power of discourse supremacy like Western science, hygiene, and civilization, the realization of this process also relied on related national legislation and the gradual foundation of functional institutions. It＇s acknowledged that, though under exterior pressure, the acceptance of body discipline was a choice made by the gentry and elites, who had been pursuing the modernization of nation for 100 years. Initiatively and self-consciously the acceptance of body discipline was a simple and speedy choice made in a time facing challenges at home and abroad. It was a choice made in order to ＂strengthen the nation and optimize the race＂ and a choice made without deep consideration.