过错认定的标准与规则——以学生伤害事故案件学校过错的司法认定为分析对象

The Standards and Rules of Fault Recognition——Analysis Object is Judicial Cognizance of School Fault In Students' Injury Accident Case

在学理上,过错的认定标准有主观说和客观说之分,两种学说提出了不同的过错认定规则。从本文研究的学生伤害事故案件司法判决看,我国法院对过错的认定,大多数判决采用客观标准,通常采用两步认定规则:先判断行为人是否有注意义务以及注意的程度,再判断行为人是否实际履行了该注意义务。采用主观标准的判决,过错认定的标准及规则,是行为人对致害行为或者损害结果有无预见或是否应当预见以及所持的态度。

In theory, the standard of fault recognition divided into subjective doctrine and objective doctrine, which have different fault recognition rules. The judicial decisions of student injury accident case in this article show that most of our courts＇ cognizance of the fault, adopted objective standard. Fault recognition is mainly embodied in violation of the cognizance of the obligations, which usually by two steps ： first, judge rule is whether the actor has a duty of care and attention and the degree of attention, than determine whether the actor actual performance attention obligation. One the Subjective judgment hand, the standards and rules of recognition, is actor whether foresee or should to foresee the damage caused by the action.