清末官绅推行切音字的努力与成效

The Efforts and Results of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Campaign in the late Qing Period

清季切音字运动从观念的传播到付诸实践,经过了20年时间,一度呈现蓬勃趋势,随着简易识字学塾政策的推行而趋于式微。透过切音字的推广可以看到,其时地方政府和朝廷在某些问题上的取向有异,且二者内部也有不同意见,难以简单地用"官方"的概念笼罩一切;其次,清季思想界确有越来越注意"国民"的趋势,但致力于"启蒙"的人们目光仍多向"上"看,且所谓"民间社会"同样存在"有权"和"没权"的差别。这一时期,士绅阶层在基层社会的号召力没有减弱,他们的诸多作为和在传统社会中存在着很强的延续性,这正是在社会阢陧不安的情况下,"下层社会启蒙运动"仍可办得有声有色的一个主因。不过,此时民间社会越来越多地向官场以外寻找可能,而近代报刊的造势功能也成为社会运动的资源。最后,从受教的对象和人数、受学者投入的各种成本和切音字的实际运用等情况来看,实际效应并不乐观。

The last 20 years of Qing Dynasty witnessed the emergence and decline of a Chinese phonetic alphabet movement.In promoting Chinese Phonetic Alphabet,the court and the local governments had taken different attitudes on certain issues,and their opinions cannot be simplified into ＂the official stand＂.Although the intellectual community of that period was beginning to heed the voice of the people,the enlightenment thinkers more often chose to ＂look upward＂ for guidance.Moreover,there were ＂powerful＂ and ＂powerless＂ strata in the civil society.The influence of the gentry continued to maintain a strong influence on the local society,and that is why,with their support,this language ＂enlightenment for the lower classes＂ was for a period well organized even in a society faced with internal disturbances and foreign aggressions.Meanwhile,the civil society was beginning to look away from the government for possible resources,and the modern magazines and newspapers were made use of for their great power of propagation.The result of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Campaign,however,was not satisfactory in terms of the number of participants and their investment of various kinds.