以道论诗与以诗言道:宋代理学家诗学观原论——兼论“洛学兴而文字坏”

On the Poetics of Song Neo-Confucians:Discussing Poetry in Terms of Dao and Expounding Dao in Poetic Language Reflecting Also on "The Rise of Luoxue School Leading to the Corruption of Poetics"

宋代理学家以道论诗,曾用"自成文"、"人心感物"或"天机自动,天籁自鸣"等说法,建构起一套诗学观,包括诗歌生成论、诗歌价值观及诗无工拙论等,认为最好的诗是圣贤摅发胸中所蕴,自然而然,非人力所可为。他们又以诗言道,诗就是道,不能载道的诗应当删去。总之,理学家所论并非文学意义上的诗。这些论调对传统诗学带来了极大的冲击,并导致宋诗的急遽衰落。

The Neo-Confucians of Song Dynasty discussed poetry in the perspective of Dao,establishing a poetics based on such views as poetry ＂being naturally formed ＂ out of the minds of sages,and running from ＂human heart moved by objects＂,believing poetry is ＂nature expressing and revealing itself＂.They had their own ideas of poetical composition,considering the best poetry the result of the sages＇ natural expression of their emotions,unattainable by any human effort.Furthermore,they chose to expound Dao with poetry,the ultimate purpose of which,they argued,was to express Dao.To sum up,although the Neo-Confucians were not talking about poetry in the literary sense,their comments had a bad influence on poetical criticism,eventually leading to the rapid decline of poetry in the Song Dynasty.