贵州猫跳河与美国田纳西河流域开发的比较

Comparison of the Development of the Maotiaohe River in China and the Tennessee Valley in the U.S

自1933年以流域综合开发治理为目标的田纳西流域管理局(TVA)成立以来,美国田纳西流域开发管理模式就成为世界各地流域开发的成功榜样。作为美国第一大河密西西比河的二级支流,田纳西河流域开发在带动当地社会经济发展等方面的确取得了一定成就,但其经验也存在一定的局限性。本文通过对比同为中国第一大河长江二级支流的猫跳河流域与田纳西流域开发的自然资源环境基础条件、社会经济发展背景及其人文响应等方面,比较了两者生态效益和开发模式的差异。同时,由于猫跳河流域面临着更为严峻的资源本底、生态环境和人口压力,其开发更应注重整体性,进而充分发挥流域整体功能,建设良性循环的生态环境,促进流域可持续发展。

This paper compares exploitation of the Tennessee Valley in the U.S. and the Maotiaohe River in southwestern China by taking into account background, effect, and mode. Because of differences in natural resources, situations of social and economic development, as well as the degree of human responses, the effects of exploitation are not the same. As successful experience of river basin management in the world, the Tennessee Valley benefits greatly from the Tennessee Valley Authority （TVA）, which was founded in 1933 and aimed to improve its development. The Tennessee Valley was the poorest region in the U.S. before TVA. After 50 years of exploitation, the region gained a huge improvement on economy and society. Of course, pollution cannot be completely avoided. The cascade development of the Matiaohe River began in the 1950s, which leaded to increases in regional wealth, the upgrade of the industrial structure along with acute deterioration of the environment and ecological systems. The negative effects, usually representing the worsening of environments, always exist along with the positive effects described as regional development during the process of river basin development. The main causes of differing negative effects in the two cases are the different development modes and a significant higher population density in the Maotiaohe River in China. Although the manner of TVA management cannot be followed totally, the idea of planning and utilizing water resources comprehensively to help region sustainable development is still worthy of being considered in China. In particular, China should pay more attention to the following aspects. Foundation of watershed management authorities will help alleviate the conflicts between watershed itself and local government and promote reasonable reallocation of benefits within such a watershed, which is composed of many different provinces. Moreover, the improvement of resources efficiency is a way for sustainable watershed development in China. Because of the large population, the exploitation of river basins in China would face more challenges than in the U.S. Compared with the density of population of 27.1 per km2 in the Tennessee Valley in 1933, the Maotiaohe River had to support about 4 times of people in the same area at its initial stage of exploitation. Most of watersheds in China will face such problems. In addition, the diversity of development mode should be encouraged. Due to rich resources in China’s river basins, heavy industries cannot be the only choice for their development. To get rid of ＂path dependence＂ and avoid the evolution of ＂treatment after pollution＂, it is a better way to make good use of local resources and cultivate distinctive industries based on the features of different regions