基于完全成本和边际机会成本的城市水价研究

Research on Urban Water Price Based on Full Cost and Marginal Opportunity Cost

我国城市水价形成机制的突出问题表现在总体水价偏低、水价结构不合理、尚未建立科学的水价形成机制、单一计量水价使价格杠杆不能很好地发挥调节作用等。基于完全成本的城市水价应包括工程水价,资源水价和环境水价,基于边际机会成本的城市水价应包括边际生产成本、边际使用者成本、边际外部成本,这两种定价方法本质是一样的,应结合起来使用。提出了完善城市水价制度的措施:提高资源水价、环境水价比重,加快推行阶梯式水价制度,继续实行分类水价制度,逐步推行价费分离的价格模式、丰枯水价制度、两部制水价制度等。

There are outstanding problems of formation mechanism of urban water price in China,those are： low gerneral water price,irrational water price structure,a scientific pricing mechanism having not been established,a single measurement of water pricing so that price leverage can not play the role of regulating supply and demand.Urban water price based on full cost should include engineering water price,resources water price and environmental water price;the urban water price based on the marginal opportunity cost should include marginal production cost,and marginal user cost,and marginal external cost.Several measures to improve the system of urban water price are presented,which are： enhancing the ratio of resources water price and environmental water price,speeding up the performance of system of ladder water price,enforcing the system of classificated water price,pricing model of separating the water price with water fee,system of different water prices in excessive and inadequate ocasion,system of two part water tariff.