论正犯理论的客观实质化

Making the Principal Offender Theory Objective and Substantial

如何准确区分正犯与狭义共犯是我国刑法理论与司法实践中的难题。纵观正犯理论的发展,呈现出物理性到功能性、主观性到客观性和形式性到实质性的轨迹,最终形成当今正犯理论主流学说即客观实质的正犯论。我国宜提倡客观实质的正犯论,它有助于实现问题思考与体系思考的双重目标:前者有效地解决了间接正犯及幕后支配者作为共同正犯的合法性等具体问题;后者有效地克服了我国犯罪论体系的缺陷,避免了将刑事责任能力作为犯罪构成主体要素时所造成的共犯处罚漏洞,也给正当防卫等可罚性阻却事由确定了位置,并与当前我国犯罪论体系的改良论即实质的犯罪论形成体系上的圆通自洽,使后者得以通过共犯论这块犯罪论体系的试金石而顺利建立。在客观实质正犯论的四种学说中,宜采重要作用说。从客观实质正犯论出发,在正犯体系的选择上,宜提倡区分制而反对单一制。

It is a difficult problem on how to accurately distinguish between a principal offender and an accomplice in criminal law theories as well as judicial practice in China. Tracking back the development of theories of principal offenders, after gone through changes from physical structure to functionality, from objectivity to subjectivity, from formality to functionality, it finally formed the mainstream theory of principal offenders, that is, the theory of substantive objectives： problematical consideration along with systematical reflection. For the former objective, this theory anchors the appropriate position of self - defence and avoids accomplice consideration for participants in non - illegal conducts. For the latter objective, this theory is a perfect match with substantive crime constitution theory because it effectively overcomes disadvantages in the system of China＇ s criminal theories, such as formalization , factual and valuable fuzzification, and two -dimensional judgement on crimes. In the light of the theory of substantive objectivity, distinction is advocated on selecting of system of principal offenders.