乾隆朝内务府对库存参斤的管理——以内务府的“参斤变价”为考察对象

Focus on Sales Administration of the Stock Ginseng and Its Byproduct by the Imperial Household Department (Nei Wu Fu) during Emperor Qianlong’s Reign

随着东北采参业为清朝皇室所垄断,乾隆朝盛京、吉林及宁古塔三处的大量参斤进献清宫。由于皇室消耗有限,内务府库内积存了大量参斤。在借鉴前朝经验的基础上,内务府通过种种途径将库存参斤变价。在参斤变价过程中,内务府严格控制参价,通过对京中王公、江南织造等处的掠夺获得了丰厚的收益,由此参斤变价成为乾隆朝内务府财政收入的一项重要来源。但这是内务府对东北参斤垄断的结果,亦是皇权至上的结果。并且,乾隆朝内务府的参斤变价活动加剧了对三处参山的掠夺,最终导致东北参源的枯竭。

With the ginseng mining industry of northeast China being monopolized by the Qing imperial household, a mass of ginseng and its byproduct were officially submitted to the imperial court from Shengjing, Jilin and Ningguta during the period of Emperor Qianlong( 乾隆 ), but their limited consumption ended in the large storage of these tributes in the imperial household department (Nei Wu Fu) who was then capable of administering the sales of the ginseng and its byproduct (proper term is ‘Shen Jin Bian Jia’). With their extreme monopoly of market and arbitrary control of the prices, the imperial princes and court ministers were forced into purchase from them, even Jiangnan Weaving (Jiang Nan Zhi Zao) and some other organizations were imposed to participate in the sales for them, which was consequently converting into an important financial source to bring in a considerable sum of profits for the imperial household department. It is therefore concluded that such arbitrary sales administration resulted from the supremacy of the imperial court, but resulted in the exhaustion of ginseng in the northeast China.