生态社区评价指标体系研究进展

Indicators for evaluating sustainable communities:a review

生态社区建设融合了建筑学、生态学、社会学等多学科原理,充分体现了人与自然和谐的理念,是符合可持续发展理念的社区发展模式。生态社区评价指标体系在一定的一级指标框架下,采用定性或定量的评价指标,评判社区的可持续发展水平。对生态社区的概念和内涵、形成与发展历程、国内外生态社区相关评价指标体系进行总结和归纳,在此基础上综述了生态社区评价指标体系的研究进展,包括评价主体、一级指标框架的构建、二三级指标使用的频度分析及指标权重的确定方法。最后总结分析了生态社区指标体系研究中对外环境关联、动态发展、参与性与适应性等方面的不足,提出将复杂性理论、生命周期分析方法和生态足迹分析引入生态社区评价指标体系的研究,以提高指标体系的系统性、科学性和参与性。

The concept of sustainable community combines the principles of architecture,ecology and sociology,reflects the harmonious relationship between human and nature,and follows the tenets of sustainable development.Constructing sustainable communities needs the cooperation of different stakeholders of planner,real estate developer,governor,inhabitant,and manager of department of property.Sustainable community indicators are normally under an indicators framework,applying quantitative or qualitative indicators to assess the sustainable development level of communities.First,concepts,contents and research history of sustainable communities were summarized,and current evaluating indicator systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design（LEED）,Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method（BREEAM）,Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environment Efficiency（CASBEE）,China Evaluating Standard for Green Buildings（ESGB）,China Evaluating Indicators Evaluating Standards for Green Communities（EIASGC） and other relative literatures of sustainable community indicators were reviewed.The main findings were：（1） different evaluating systems of sustainable communities focused on different stakeholders,such as planner,real estate developer,governor,inhabitants,and manager of department of property;（2） methods such as theory analysis,frequency statistics,experts consultation and public participation could be applied in the processes of establishment indicator framework and selection of indicators;（3） sixty-nine indicators were found from twenty relative literatures,and the cited frequency of each indicator was counted;among these sixty-nine indicators,twelve indicators cited frequency were more than 50%,while five indicators cited frequency were less than 5%;（4） weights,standard values and results express methods were important parts of evaluating indicator systems,both average weight and weight determined by method of analytic hierarchy process（AHP） were applied in current evaluating systems.CASBEE proposed another useful way of expression the evaluating results;the ratio of building quality（Q） and environmental load reduction（LR） were adopted to express the concept of efficiency.The review also found some deficiencies in the current researches.Firstly,most of the researches focused on the community themselves and neglected the materials and energy interaction between the community and the natural environment.Secondly,dynamic developing progress of constructing sustainable communities was not paid enough attention in reviewed literatures,which was important for evaluating the built urban communities.Thirdly,designing process of indicator system lacks of public participation.Inhabitants were the most important stakeholders of constructing sustainable communities,thus their requirements should be considered at the starting point.Lastly,there were still arguments on the indicators weight and the standard values because the basic natural economic and social conditions are different among communities.In response,some new areas should be rising in the field of sustainable community research：（1） complexity theory and distributing intelligence should be introduced to analyze the demands of different stakeholders and dynamic developing progresses;（2） life cycle analysis and ecological footprint analysis could be applied to analyze the dynamic interaction between community and the outside environment;（3） the executive methods to integrate consulting experts knowledge and the demands of communities inhabitants in the process of designing the evaluating indicator systems should be developed.However,an objective and systematic evaluating indicator system framework with public participation were needed for sustainable communities.