3Yamaguchi H, Watanabes S, Motokawak K, et al. Intrathecal morphine dose-response data for pain relief after cholecy- stectomy[J]. Anesth Analg,1990,70(2):168q71.
5Km JY, Lee SJ, Koo BN, et al. The effect of epidural sufentanil in ropivacaine on urinary retention in patients undergoing gastrectomy [J]. Br J Anaesth ,2006,97 ( 3 ) :414 - 8.
6Chu CC, Chen JY, Chen CS, et al. The efficacy and safety of transnasal butorphanol for postoperative pain control following lower laparoscopic surgery [ J ]. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan ,2004,42 (4) : 203 -7.