黑素瘤发病的危险因素

Risk factors for melanoma

黑素瘤是一种高度恶性肿瘤,多发生于皮肤,在皮肤恶性肿瘤中死亡率最高.近年来在世界范围内黑素瘤的发生正在逐年增高,其发病的危险因素成为研究的热点.随着分子遗传学的发展,尤其是黑素瘤高危易感基因CDKN2A和CDK4的发现,使得遗传危险因素在黑素瘤发病中的地位日益重要.而环境因素（紫外线照射）、表型的高危性（皮肤颜色、发色及色素痣）、人群社会经济地位、职业以及药物等在黑素瘤的发病中也有着重要作用.同时基因检测及临床长期随访也是降低黑素瘤发病危险性的因素.

Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor of melanocytes and predominantly involves the skin.It is the most deadly form of skin cancers.The incidence of melanoma has been steadily increasing in recent decades,and risk factors associated with melanoma development have attracted more and more attention from researchers in this field.Ultraviolet radiation （UVR） exposure,in the form of intermittent heavy exposure and severe sunburns in childhood,is believed to be the most important environmental contribution to melanoma risk.Genetic determinants also modulate melanoma risk,probably to a greater extent than environmental exposure.Two high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes,CDKN2A and CDK4,have so far been identified.Phenotypic markers of high-risk include skin color,hair color,pigmented nevi,etc.Other risk factors include socioeconomic status,occupations and ingestion of therapeutic drugs.Genetic detection and long-term clinical follow-up may reduce the risk for melanoma.