历史过程中的“规律”和“意志”——考茨基“生活意志”说述评(上)

The rule and the will in the Course of the history——On the will of life described by Karl Kautsky

唯物史观认为,人类历史是一个具有内在规律的"自然历史过程"。如何理解和把握历史过程的客观性与创造历史的人的主体性、历史规律与人的意志的关系,是我们准确把握唯物史观精神实质的关键所在。考茨基在他还是一个马克思主义者时,在《取得政权的道路》一书中,为驳斥资产阶级理论家和第二国际内修正主义者对唯物史观的歪曲和攻击,曾着力向广大无产阶级阐述和宣传马克思的唯物史观,并发挥了积极作用。他用"生活意志"对唯物史观进行了解读和阐释,并从这一解读出发,对当时国际共产主义运动中面临的现实形势、运动的任务和目标以及方法和道路进行了分析。在当时特殊的社会历史条件下,其方法和路径对我们今天准确把握唯物史观的内涵和精神实质,划清马克思主义与反马克思主义的界限,具有一定的启发价值。但由于考茨基始终未能真正理解唯物史观的精神实质,这一解读带有明显的自然主义和达尔文主义痕迹,并具有明显的折中主义色彩,这一切为他后来蜕化成"无产阶级的叛徒",并在哲学上陷入唯心史观埋下了伏笔。

Materialist conception of history believes that human history is a natural historical course with inherent laws.How to understand and hold the relationship between the objectivity of historical course and the subjectivity of human who create the history,the relationship between historical laws and the man＇s will are the keys to get the essence of materialist conception of history.Kautsky,when he was still a Marxist,in order to refute revisionists of Second International and bourgeois theorists＇ distortions and attacks towards materialist conception of history,elaborated and propagated Marxist Theory to the proletariats and interpreted and illuminated materialist conception of history with the human will in The Road to Power.Based on this interpretation,he analyzed the real situation,task and goal,as well as method and path that existed in international Communist Movement.Under those special social and historical conditions,his methods and paths have enlightening value to accurately hold the meaning and spiritual essence of materialist conception of history,as well as to draw the line between Marxism and anti-Marxism.But because Kautsky fails to understand the spiritual essence of historical materialism of Marx,his interpretation bears the obvious features of Naturalism and Darwinism,which leads to his degenerating into traitor of the proletariat and sink into idealist conception of history in philosophy.