“源流派分”与“河网密切”——中国古地图中江南水系的两种绘法

The Local Perspective versus the National Perspective:Two Approaches to Portray the Water System of Jiangnan in Chinese Traditional Cartography

本文从"混一图"系列的不同版本地图入手,追溯并探讨存在于元明清中国古地图中对于江南水系的两种对立绘法。第一种绘法主要为全国地图所采用,即以"源流派分"的形式来描绘江南水系,本文称其为"全国尺度绘法";第二种绘法则主要为江南地方文献中附图所采用,即以"河网密切"的形式来描绘江南水系,本文称其为"地方尺度绘法"。后一种绘法更加强调江南本地人心目中"泽国景观",同时,它所传达的地理信息也具有一定程度上的有效性。最后,从该主题的讨论出发,本文提出地图学史研究应当更多地采取"知识史取径",以部分取代之前的"科技史取径"。

To begin with the genealogical analysis of those maps called Kangnido,two opposite cartographic approaches of rendering the river system in Yangtze Delta could be revealed.The first one can be counted as ＂the national perspective＂,with which the river system in Jiangnan is outlined with distinguishedness from mainstreams and tributaries.The second one can be deemed as ＂the local perspective＂,with which the river system is pictured as a fully connected network and the lands as segmented islands.The local perspective mainly expresses impressions about being surrounded by water,meanwhile it still manages to convey useful hydrological information for the map-viewers.In the end,as a result of the discussion ahead,a new angle into the history of Chinese cartography,namely ＂the perspective of the history of knowledge＂,is proposed.