试论清朝隆化封建土地形成与权属的争夺

On the Formation of Feudal Land and Fight for the Ownership in Longhua in the Qing Dynasty

清朝土地制度是封建土地所有制。土地形成分为国有和私有两种,一种是满州贵族官员跑马圈占土地,一种是平民百姓开发土地。圈地攫取土地资源是游牧民族掠夺财富的继续。土地形成以后,争夺土地的斗争一直没有间断过。尽管清政府多次禁止民人典买旗地,并用公款4次回赎,但已无济于事,到光绪朝,旗地一统天下国有制度已到了无可挽回的崩溃边缘,经过几百年惨淡经营的八旗庄田终致解体,大量旗地变成了民田。从清朝建国到中华民国37年(1948年),纵观300年的历史,隆化封建土地经历了集中——分散——再集中——再分散的发展演变阶段。

The land system of the Qing Dynasty is feudal land ownership.The land formation is divided into two kinds,one is state-owned and the other is private,namely,one is the Manchu noble officials occupying land by running a horse,and the other is the common people developing the land.To grab land resources through enclosure is continuation for nomads to plunder the wealth.From the land formed,the struggle over land has continued without interruption.Although the Qing government forbids people to buy the banner land for several times,and redeems four times by using public funds,but has been of no avail.In the reign of Emperor Guangxu,the Eight Banners land estate ultimately disintegrates and a large number of banner lands become civil lands.From the founding of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China in1948,nearly 300 years,the feudal land of Longhua has experienced the evolution stages from centralization to decentralization and then reconcentration and then again separation.