宋代牛疫的流行与防治

The Prevalence and prevention of Cattle Epidemics in Song dynasty

宋代由于国营牧监南移、气候反常变化、畜舍环境卫生不良和长途迁徙不服水土等多方面的原因，导致牛疫多次流行，不仅造成牛群的大批死亡，而且也造成农业畜力的锐减，威胁到粮食生产的稳定，对宋代社会产生了重要影响，引起不同社会阶层的关注。宋代对牛疫的认识主要集中在“未病先防”和“既病防染”两方面，宋政府采取医学措施和经济措施进行了积极的防治，如：派遣兽医、赐药和颁方，规范养牧法；修改法律，允许耕牛买卖；推广新式农具，防止“耕稼失时”等，对牛疫的防治取得了一定成效。

Cattle epidemics broke out many times in Song Dynasty due to pasture transferring to south, abnormal climate, poor stabling hygiene and climatic sickness caused by migration. Mass Mortality and reduction of animal agriculture productivity threatened the stable production of grain, which influenced society and attracted attention from all social classes. Based on the principle of ＇ prevention before sicken＇ and ＇ contagion protection after sicken＇ , the government took a series of medical and economical actions for prevention, such as veterinarians dispatching, drugs providing, pasturage rule regulating, law modifying （ cattle trade permitted） and new farm implements popularization （ to prevent missing the opportunity of cultivation）, which was effective for Carrie Epidemics prevention at that time.