早期涉林项目留给减少森林砍伐和退化机制的经验与教训

Experiences and Lessons from Pre-REDD+ Initiatives

减少毁林和森林退化导致的排放,增加森林碳储量(REDD+)将成为2012年后最具成本效益的一个缓解气候变化的机制。为了避免REDD+项目的设计和实施重蹈早期涉林项目的覆辙,有必要回顾REDD+之前的涉林政策和涉林项目的问题。早期涉林倡议案、森林认证、环境服务报偿(PES)、综合保护与发展项目(ICDPs)中的经验教训,对于REDD+特别有参考价值。REDD+的实施需要依赖各国已经同意的倡议,促进主权国家履行现有承诺,利用公共权力与私人权力的协同增效作用来产生环保效应。在早期碳项目中,普遍缺乏可信的反事实构建,碳计量可靠性上也存在问题。在综合保护与发展项目的实施中,如何处理好保护与发展的关系,如何为生态系统服务寻找买家和争取长期的金融支持,是项目实施成功的主要影响因素。REDD+在设计上就应该考虑到这些问题,建立在各种经验教训之上的REDD+项目设计和实施应该更加有效和公平。

Reducing emission from deforestation and degradation in developing countries and enhancing forest carbon stock（REDD＋） will soon come online,as a mitigation mechanism with the most cost effectiveness.To avoid the pitfalls of the forest-related pre-REDD＋ initiatives,it is necessary to review the problems arising from pre-REDD＋ forest-related policies and projects.The experiences and lessons from early forest-related initiatives,forest certification,payment for environmental services and integrated conservation and development projects（ICDPs）are especially valuable for REDD＋.The implementation of REDD＋ relies on the agreements agreed by countries and the fulfillment of the existing commitments by sovereignties for the synergies between public and private authorities to deliver environmental outcomes.The pre-REDD＋ carbon projects often lacked reliable counterfactuals,and their carbon accounting was also questionable.In ICDPs implementation,the main obstacles are how to tradeoff conservation and development and how to generate payments for the ecosystem services and secure long-term financing.These issues should be considered in the design of REDD＋ scheme,and the implementation of REDD＋ on the basis of these lessons will be more effective and fair.